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Psychologists have many theories to explain how we remember information. The most influential theory is that memory works as a kind of storage system for information. There are three types of these storage systems with different functions that hold information for different amounts of time. They are sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds information for the shortest amount of time, less than for seconds and instant. Sensory memory is where stimuli or things that stimulate our senses are very briefly stored. We forget sensory memories almost instantly, unless they passed into another storage system. Examples of the stimuli are what we see and hear in the world, such as a flash of lightning or the sound of a door closing. Short-term memory also called working memory, holds information for about 15 to 20 seconds. This is not a very long time. But the information that passes into this system has more meaning for us than just sensory stimulation. Some experts believe that sensory information changes into visual images as it is stored. And others believe that information changes into words. There is not much room for information in short-term memory. And it did not stay there for very long. Examples of this types of information are telephone numbers, addresses and names. Long-term memory holds information almost indefinitely, although retrieving it can sometimes be difficult. Think of long-term memory as a very big library, with almost unlimited capacities for storage. Information gets filed, cataloged and stored. Long-term memory has several different components or categories. The main two categories are declarative memory and procedure memory. Declarative memory is where we store factual information, such as names, faces, dates, life events. Procedure memory is where we store memory of skills and habits , like how to ride a bike, or how to boil an egg. Within the declarative memory, there are smaller categories of memory, episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory relates to our personal lives. Things we have done or experienced, such as having a car accident or graduating from school. Semantic memory is where we organize general knowledge or facts about the world, such as math formulas, spelling rules and capital cities.

　　點評：這是一篇關于人類記憶分類的文章。文章采用了總分的形式，層次鮮明，結構清晰。文章開頭兩句為總括句，表明心理學家有許多種理論來解釋人類如何記憶，其中最有影響力的一種理論是人類記憶的工作方式如同信息儲存系統。人類的記憶被分為三種：瞬時記憶、短期記憶和長期記憶。接下來分別針對三種記憶的具體情況：從信息儲存的內容、功能和時間的長短三個角度進行了介紹。需要注意的是，最后幾句是分論點，闡明長期記憶分為情景記憶(eopisodic memory)和語義記憶(sematic memory)兩類。 相信考生平時對科普知識稍有積累，再加上對結構的把握，本篇文章能夠輕松應對。