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　　第十篇：How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear【如何讓耳聾的人更容易聽見】

　　Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However,he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.

　　This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer,Maynard Solomon,takes a different view. ___1___. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.

　　Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to"hear" music with as much,or greater,accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.

　　___2___. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:"my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years,it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks,to ‘ hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. "

　　How is it that the world we see,touch,hear,and smell is both "out there" and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. ___3___.However,it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.

　　When Michael Edgar first"switched on" his cochlear implant,the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually,with much hard work,he began to identify everyday sounds. For example,"The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”

　　The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar,he heard their voices "coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.”But when it came to his beloved music,the implant was of no help.___4___.He said,"I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added'clarity' to hearing in my head.”

　　Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect,but which can change their lives.___5___.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.

　　文章中文翻譯：

　　如何讓耳聾的人更容易聽見

　　大多數人把貝多芬的聽力受損看作是他在作曲過程中的障礙。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里創作出來的，那時他完全耳聾。

　　這是最值得稱道的用意志戰勝不幸的案例之一，但是他的傳記作家梅納德•所羅門卻持不同的觀點。梅納德認為，貝多芬的耳聾“促進了他作為作曲家的成就，在他完全耳聾的世界里，他能夠擺脫外在世界聲音的干擾，自向地創作新的表現形式與和聲。”

　　聽力受損似乎不會影響失聰的音樂家的音樂才能。他們能繼續“聽見”音樂，與他們能真正聽見音樂相比，他們“聽”得同樣甚至更準確。

　　2003年去世的邁克爾•伊加，在他2l歲時失聰。他曾經描繪過一幅發生在三個月內的迷人的事情：“我之前的音樂經歷開始在腦中同放，我無法區別真正聽到的和曾經聽過的東西。許多年以后，聽到這些同放，聽見’對我來說是新鮮的音樂，為我所有的情緒找到伴唱仍然是值得的。”

　　我們所看見的、觸摸到的、聽見的和聞到的世界是如何既“在外面”同時又在我們的內心?把外在刺激和在內在感知相結合的最好的例子就是耳蝸植入。沒有任何人工的裝置能代替聽覺能力。但是，利用大腦非凡的能力來理解植入物產生的電信號還是有可能的。

　　當邁克爾•伊加最先“開啟”他的人工耳蝸時，他聽到的聲音一點兒都不清楚。在艱苦的努力下，他漸漸地開始辨認…日常的聲音，比如他說道“電話的持續響聲幾乎是立刻就變得清晰了”。

　　耳蝸植入最主要的口的就是能夠與人交流。當人們與伊加交談時，他能聽到他們的嗓音“像是從連接不好的長途電話中傳來的”。但是當提到他鐘愛的音樂時，耳蝸植入就毫無用處。每當伊加想要欣賞音樂時，他就開始彈鋼琴。他說“我像往常那樣彈奏鋼琴，同時在頭腦中聽見它。我手指的移動以及對音調的感覺使得頭腦中的聲音更加‘清晰’。”

　　耳蝸植入讓失聰的人以一種不完美的方式再次聽見聲音，但是它改變了他們的生活。盡管如此，正如邁克爾•伊加發現的那樣，當涉及音樂和聲時，聽力就無關緊要了。甚至是最令人驚奇的耳蝸植入對貝多芬來說也毫無用處，因為他在他生命的最后階段創作了他的第九交響曲。