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GMAT語(yǔ)法精講全面解析03

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2012-05-29 共9頁(yè)

  

  71

  接下來(lái)形容詞修飾名詞.這兩個(gè)表達(dá)并不意味著同 樣的事情。要選擇反映了作者意圖的表達(dá).

  Wrong: Cain is Max's SUPPOSEDLY Chinese ancestor.

  Right: Cain is Max's SUPPOSED Chinese ancestor.

  Cain 可能會(huì)或可能不會(huì)是 Max 的祖先,但 Cain 肯定是中國(guó)人。因此,我們要的是形容詞 supposed,這 樣我們就可以修飾名詞 ancestor。

  Wrong: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.

  Right: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.

  問題是 Max 的祖母是否是愛爾蘭人,而不是她是否是 Max 的祖先。因此,我們要用的是副詞 supposedly,使我 們可以通過其修飾形容詞 Irish。

  提示:有些形容詞可以通過在詞尾加-ly 來(lái)變成副詞詞性。如:corresponding, frequent; independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, 和 usual. 在 GMAT 考試過程中,很容易錯(cuò)過沒有加-ly 的答案選項(xiàng).千萬(wàn)不要錯(cuò)過這種差異選項(xiàng)!

  修飾二: 名詞修飾語(yǔ)

  修飾名詞或代詞的短語(yǔ)或從句被稱為名詞修飾語(yǔ)。名詞修飾語(yǔ)好比長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)的形容詞。如下面的圖表中看到的一樣,名詞修飾語(yǔ)的前一個(gè)或兩個(gè)詞確定了其類型。修飾語(yǔ)和其修飾的名詞都帶有下劃線.

  提示:名詞修飾語(yǔ)描述名詞。他們可以讓你知道更多關(guān)于某個(gè)名詞或者正在討論某個(gè)名詞.

  Examples:

  Type/First Words

  Position

  Example

  Adjective

  Before noun

  The LAZY dog took a nap.

  After noun

  The dog, LAZY from overeating, took a nap.

  Preposition

  Before noun

  ON the couch, the dog took a nap.

  After noun

  The dog ON the couch took a nap.

  Past Participle

  Before noun

  The TIRED dog took a nap.

  TIRED from chasing cat, the dog took a nap.

  After noun

  The dog , TIRED from chasing cat, took a nap.

  Present Participle

  Before noun

  The SLEEPING dog took a nap.

  Without commas

  After noun:

  The dog SLEEPING on the rug is named "Super."

  Relative Pronoun After noun The grey dog, WHICH loves bone, took a nap.

  The dog THAT lives next door is noisy.

  The person WHO lives next door is noisy.

  The city WHERE I live is noisy.

  Another Noun Before noun A LOVER of cat, my dog hunts night and day.

  After noun T the dog, a SHEPHERD raised on a farm, took a nap.

  用來(lái)修飾名詞的名詞稱為同位語(yǔ)。在最后一個(gè)例子,同位語(yǔ)的名詞‘SHEPHERD 牧羊犬’本身就是由過去分詞修飾 語(yǔ) raised on a farm 修飾的。即使是中等長(zhǎng)度修飾語(yǔ)(一個(gè)在農(nóng)場(chǎng)養(yǎng)大的牧羊犬)可以包含其他修飾語(yǔ)。

  

  72

  請(qǐng)注意,在上面的圖表中許多修飾語(yǔ)和名詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開了。而且,要特別注意開放修飾語(yǔ),它出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子 的開頭。在口語(yǔ)中即興說(shuō)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的帶有開放修飾語(yǔ)的句子可能看起來(lái)不自然,但在書面語(yǔ)中它是完全沒有問題的。

  Right: TIRED from chasing mice, the dog took a nap.

  因?yàn)槟愕亩洳涣?xí)慣開放修飾語(yǔ)的句子,而 GMAT 考試愛玩這些修飾符的老把戲。

  修飾三:名詞修飾語(yǔ)的位置

  當(dāng)你看到一個(gè)名詞修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),問問自己它應(yīng)該修改什么樣的名詞。然后檢查,以確保該修飾語(yǔ)是挨著該名詞的。按照“相鄰原則”:名詞及其修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)互相挨著。 如果修飾語(yǔ)挨著的是一個(gè)另外的名詞,那它就是誤用修飾語(yǔ)。

  Wrong: Cain biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.

  在前面的例子中,修飾短語(yǔ)“那個(gè)穿過樹林的”用來(lái)來(lái)形容的是道路,而不是房子。因此,你應(yīng)該把修飾語(yǔ)移到道路旁邊。

  Right: To get to his house, Cain biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.

  如果我們要修改的名詞甚至不在句子里,那它就是懸垂修飾語(yǔ)即邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。

  Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the room.

  Wrong: There was no commotion in the room, resigned to the bad news.

  修飾符 Resigned to the bad news 應(yīng)該修飾屈從于壞消息的某人或某些人。然而,在句子中根本沒有提及跟人相關(guān)的名詞,(內(nèi)容里的 room 指的是物理存在的地方而已)。相反修飾符 Resigned to the bad news 似乎有修飾 there 或辦公室。 要解決這個(gè)問題,我們插入一個(gè)合理的由 resigned 修飾的名詞。

  Right: Resigned to the bad news, the person in the room made no commotion.

  這是很容易錯(cuò)過 Dangling Modifier 即懸垂修飾語(yǔ)。事實(shí)上,GMAT 的出題者自己也犯過錯(cuò)。見第 12 版 366 頁(yè)閱讀 理解文章的懸垂修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤(When removed.應(yīng)該修飾缺少的的名詞 sea snakes,而不是主語(yǔ) blood pressure)。

  現(xiàn)在分詞在句子的開頭(- ing 形式)經(jīng)常被視為懸垂修飾語(yǔ)。雖然這些形式實(shí)際上為動(dòng)詞的修飾, 他們?nèi)匀恍枰?個(gè)名詞主語(yǔ)才講得通.

  Wrong: Using the new technology, the problem was identified. Wrong: The problem was identified, using the new technology.

  名詞修飾語(yǔ)應(yīng)該挨著他們修飾的名詞。像這些錯(cuò)誤在口語(yǔ)中是很常見的。修飾語(yǔ) “采用最新技術(shù)的 using the new technology”需要提及實(shí)際使用技術(shù)的人。 要解決這個(gè)問題,我們插入一個(gè)合理的做主語(yǔ)用的名詞。

  Right: Using the new technology, the engineer identified the problem.

  請(qǐng)注意,你可以把使用的短語(yǔ)移到句子的末尾。

  Right: The engineer identified the problem, using the new technology.

  不像名詞修飾語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞修飾語(yǔ)不必挨著主語(yǔ)。然而,主語(yǔ)和這種方式使用的動(dòng)詞修飾語(yǔ)放在一起必須說(shuō)得通。

  避免使用冗長(zhǎng)的名詞修飾語(yǔ)。兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)放在名詞之前或之后可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)義不順或不正確的措辭。

  Wrong: Cain, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled

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