發布時間:2012-05-29 共9頁
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接下來形容詞修飾名詞.這兩個表達并不意味著同 樣的事情。要選擇反映了作者意圖的表達.
Wrong: Cain is Max's SUPPOSEDLY Chinese ancestor.
Right: Cain is Max's SUPPOSED Chinese ancestor.
Cain 可能會或可能不會是 Max 的祖先,但 Cain 肯定是中國人。因此,我們要的是形容詞 supposed,這 樣我們就可以修飾名詞 ancestor。
Wrong: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.
Right: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.
問題是 Max 的祖母是否是愛爾蘭人,而不是她是否是 Max 的祖先。因此,我們要用的是副詞 supposedly,使我 們可以通過其修飾形容詞 Irish。
提示:有些形容詞可以通過在詞尾加-ly 來變成副詞詞性。如:corresponding, frequent; independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, 和 usual. 在 GMAT 考試過程中,很容易錯過沒有加-ly 的答案選項.千萬不要錯過這種差異選項!
修飾二: 名詞修飾語
修飾名詞或代詞的短語或從句被稱為名詞修飾語。名詞修飾語好比長一點的形容詞。如下面的圖表中看到的一樣,名詞修飾語的前一個或兩個詞確定了其類型。修飾語和其修飾的名詞都帶有下劃線.
提示:名詞修飾語描述名詞。他們可以讓你知道更多關于某個名詞或者正在討論某個名詞.
Examples:
Type/First Words
Position
Example
Adjective
Before noun
The LAZY dog took a nap.
After noun
The dog, LAZY from overeating, took a nap.
Preposition
Before noun
ON the couch, the dog took a nap.
After noun
The dog ON the couch took a nap.
Past Participle
Before noun
The TIRED dog took a nap.
TIRED from chasing cat, the dog took a nap.
After noun
The dog , TIRED from chasing cat, took a nap.
Present Participle
Before noun
The SLEEPING dog took a nap.
Without commas
After noun:
The dog SLEEPING on the rug is named "Super."
Relative Pronoun After noun The grey dog, WHICH loves bone, took a nap.
The dog THAT lives next door is noisy.
The person WHO lives next door is noisy.
The city WHERE I live is noisy.
Another Noun Before noun A LOVER of cat, my dog hunts night and day.
After noun T the dog, a SHEPHERD raised on a farm, took a nap.
用來修飾名詞的名詞稱為同位語。在最后一個例子,同位語的名詞‘SHEPHERD 牧羊犬’本身就是由過去分詞修飾 語 raised on a farm 修飾的。即使是中等長度修飾語(一個在農場養大的牧羊犬)可以包含其他修飾語。
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請注意,在上面的圖表中許多修飾語和名詞之間用逗號隔開了。而且,要特別注意開放修飾語,它出現在一個句子 的開頭。在口語中即興說一個長的帶有開放修飾語的句子可能看起來不自然,但在書面語中它是完全沒有問題的。
Right: TIRED from chasing mice, the dog took a nap.
因為你的耳朵不習慣開放修飾語的句子,而 GMAT 考試愛玩這些修飾符的老把戲。
修飾三:名詞修飾語的位置
當你看到一個名詞修飾語時,問問自己它應該修改什么樣的名詞。然后檢查,以確保該修飾語是挨著該名詞的。按照“相鄰原則”:名詞及其修飾語應互相挨著。 如果修飾語挨著的是一個另外的名詞,那它就是誤用修飾語。
Wrong: Cain biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.
在前面的例子中,修飾短語“那個穿過樹林的”用來來形容的是道路,而不是房子。因此,你應該把修飾語移到道路旁邊。
Right: To get to his house, Cain biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.
如果我們要修改的名詞甚至不在句子里,那它就是懸垂修飾語即邏輯關系混亂不清。
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the room.
Wrong: There was no commotion in the room, resigned to the bad news.
修飾符 Resigned to the bad news 應該修飾屈從于壞消息的某人或某些人。然而,在句子中根本沒有提及跟人相關的名詞,(內容里的 room 指的是物理存在的地方而已)。相反修飾符 Resigned to the bad news 似乎有修飾 there 或辦公室。 要解決這個問題,我們插入一個合理的由 resigned 修飾的名詞。
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the person in the room made no commotion.
這是很容易錯過 Dangling Modifier 即懸垂修飾語。事實上,GMAT 的出題者自己也犯過錯。見第 12 版 366 頁閱讀 理解文章的懸垂修飾語錯誤(When removed.應該修飾缺少的的名詞 sea snakes,而不是主語 blood pressure)。
現在分詞在句子的開頭(- ing 形式)經常被視為懸垂修飾語。雖然這些形式實際上為動詞的修飾, 他們仍然需要一 個名詞主語才講得通.
Wrong: Using the new technology, the problem was identified. Wrong: The problem was identified, using the new technology.
名詞修飾語應該挨著他們修飾的名詞。像這些錯誤在口語中是很常見的。修飾語 “采用最新技術的 using the new technology”需要提及實際使用技術的人。 要解決這個問題,我們插入一個合理的做主語用的名詞。
Right: Using the new technology, the engineer identified the problem.
請注意,你可以把使用的短語移到句子的末尾。
Right: The engineer identified the problem, using the new technology.
不像名詞修飾語,動詞修飾語不必挨著主語。然而,主語和這種方式使用的動詞修飾語放在一起必須說得通。
避免使用冗長的名詞修飾語。兩個長的修飾語放在名詞之前或之后可能會導致語義不順或不正確的措辭。
Wrong: Cain, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled