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　　publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

　　錯(cuò)位修飾語 who also struggled publicly with drug abuse 應(yīng)該挨著 Cain，而不是 nation。如果主要?jiǎng)釉~延遲或如果語義連接不明確，那簡單的解決方法(把修飾語放在 Cain 前后)可能仍然導(dǎo)致語義不順。

　　Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, Cain , who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

　　更好的選擇可能是重組句子，使修飾語之一不再是修飾語。

　　Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, Cain influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.

　　在這個(gè)版本中，修飾語 Both shocking and entertaining.....明確鏈接主語Cain并解釋他是如何影響以及啟發(fā)…其對(duì)比意愿(struggled publicly...)則被放在以 even as 為首的從句句末。 The "Better" construction above is grammatically correct but stylistically awkward. In the absence of a "Best" construction, consider the "Better" option. “Better”的選項(xiàng)的句子語法是正確的，但在文體上略顯不通。在沒有“Best”的選項(xiàng)時(shí)，則 選擇“Better”選項(xiàng)。

　　修飾四： Watch Out For Possessives 留意所有格

　　正如所有格名詞往往是危險(xiǎn)的代詞參考，他們?cè)诎揎椪Z的句子里也是危險(xiǎn)的。錯(cuò)位修飾符往往出現(xiàn)在名詞所有格名詞的句子里(以’s 或 s’結(jié)尾的名詞).

　　Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Cain' score on the exam was poor.

　　在這個(gè)句子里，修飾語 unskilled in complex math 應(yīng)修飾 Cain。但是，這個(gè)修飾語不能“深入” Cain’的所有格形式 和修飾 Cain。目前，這句話是說，Cain 的得分本身是不熟練復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)的。這不是作者的意圖。為了解決這個(gè) 問題，我們應(yīng)該把所有格 Cain’ score 換成 Cain。

　　Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.

　　不要忽略的名詞 development 或其他抽象名詞。他們遵循所有其他名詞相同的規(guī)則：挨著他們的修飾語應(yīng)該是要修 飾它們的。

　　Wrong: Only in the past decade has origami's development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.

　　我們不是說折紙的發(fā)展曾是一個(gè)儀式性的活動(dòng)。因此，我們需要重組句子去修改名詞折紙本身。

　　Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art form only in the past decade.

　　修飾語通常不修飾名詞所有格。

　　修飾五： Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns 名詞修飾語-關(guān)系代詞

　　名詞修飾語往往是關(guān)系代詞，如以下介紹：

　　Which That Who Whose Whom Where When 這些修飾符稱為關(guān)系從句。關(guān)系代詞是受到一些限制的。代詞 who 和 whom 必須修飾--人。另一方面，代詞 which 必須修飾--物。

　　根據(jù) GMAT 考試，代名詞為 that 的從句不能修飾人。其他語法當(dāng)局不同意，但要記得你考的是 GMAT。

　　

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　　Wrong: The Chinese scientists THAT made the discovery were rewarded.

　　Right: The Chinese scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded.

　　令人驚訝的是，根據(jù) GMAT 考試，代名詞 whose 既可以修飾人也可以修飾物：

　　The province whose water supply was contaminated

　　Which 或者 whom 有時(shí)在介詞后:

　　the canal through which water flows; the senator for whom we worked.

　　Who 在關(guān)系從句里是用來作為主語的而 whom 則動(dòng)詞或介詞的(對(duì)象)賓語。

　　Wrong: The coach WHO we met was nice.

　　Right: The coach WHOM we met was nice.

　　That 或 whom 在修飾從句中用作賓語時(shí)通常可以省略。

　　Right: The movie THAT we watched last Tuesday was scary.

　　Right: The movie we watched last Tuesday was scary.

　　代詞 Where 可用于修飾一個(gè)地點(diǎn)名詞如面積,地點(diǎn),國家,或加州 California。Where 不能修飾“隱喻”地點(diǎn)如條件,位置, 案件,情況,或安排。在這種情況下用 in which 而不是 Where。

　　Wrong: We had an arrangement WHERE he cooked and I tidied. Right: We had an arrangement IN WHICH he cooked and I tidied.

　　代詞 when 可以用來修飾一個(gè)名詞事件或時(shí)間，如期間，年齡，1987 年或 decade 十年。在這種情況下，你也可以使用 in which，而不是 when。

　　修飾六： Essential vs. Nonessential Noun Modifiers 必要(基本)與不必要的名詞修飾語 名詞修飾語是必要或非必要的。

　　顧名思義，必要修飾語提供必要的信息。使用一個(gè)重要修飾語，以定性這個(gè)名詞(而不是有許多可能性)或從這一出發(fā)點(diǎn)“附加”修飾語到該名詞。

　　Essential: The mansion PAINTED RED is owned by Cain.

　　修飾語 painted red 是必要的，以定性 the mansion 豪宅，也許沿著街道有一排畫不同顏色的豪宅。換句話說，你不能 刪除 painted red，要不然會(huì)造成歧義和扭曲的句子的意思。要回答 Cain 擁有什么，你會(huì)說 painted red 的 mansion。

　　相比之下，非必要修飾語提供額外的信息。您不需要此信息來定性名詞，因?yàn)樵撁~已經(jīng)以一些其他的方式被定性 了。此外，定性后你可以忽略非必要修飾語，在一定意義上，任何之后對(duì)名詞的參考都不包括額外的信息。

　　Non-essential: This mansion, RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by Cain.

　　修飾語 recently painted red 是沒有必要的，我們已經(jīng)知道正在討論哪個(gè) mansion，是因?yàn)閱卧~ this 已經(jīng)告訴我們了。 所以，你可以刪除 recently painted red，并保持句子的核心含義，要回答什么是 Cain 擁有的問題，你會(huì)簡單地說， This mansion，不需要它漆成什么顏色的相關(guān)信息了。

　　

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　　用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)區(qū)分必要和非必要的修飾語：

　　Put COMMAS between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns. Put NO COMMAS between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns.

　　如果你要在 which 和 that 之間選擇，那就按照這個(gè)規(guī)則：

　　Use WHICH (and commas) if the modifier is non-essential. Use THAT (and no commas) if the modifier is essential.

　　Non-essential: This mansion. WHICH HAS BEENRECENTLY PAINTEDRED, is owned by Cain. Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Cain.

　　然而，GMAT 考試也承認(rèn)，這是有爭議的，所以 GMAT 考試是不可能做出這種選擇任何答案的區(qū)別成敗的關(guān)鍵問 題。

　　在某些情況下，你在 Which 和 That 之間沒有辦法做一個(gè)簡單的選擇時(shí)(例如，當(dāng) Which 是與一個(gè)介詞連用)你仍 應(yīng)該服從“逗號(hào)規(guī)則”：非必要+which 用途使用逗號(hào)。必要+which 不用逗號(hào)。

　　Non-essential: This mansion. FORWHICH I YEARN, is owned by Cain.

　　Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by Cain.

　　其他如 who 的關(guān)系代詞，可用于必要的或非必要的修飾語。與其他像 who 一樣的這些代詞，繼續(xù)觀察逗號(hào)規(guī)則：

　　只在有非必要的修飾語的時(shí)候使用逗號(hào)。必要修飾符語是不會(huì)與他們的名詞用逗號(hào)分開的。而不必要的修飾詞則由逗號(hào)分隔。

　　修飾七： Verb Modifiers 動(dòng)詞修飾語

　　正如他們的名字表明，動(dòng)詞修飾符修改動(dòng)詞。這些修飾語是回答如 "how," "when," "where," "why,"等的。 最基本的動(dòng)詞修飾語是副詞。其他動(dòng)詞的修飾語與副詞作用相近。

　　Type I First Words Position Example

　　Adverb

　　Before verb

　　FREQUENTLY, Cain walks to the store.

　　Cain FREQUENTLY walks to the store.

　　After verb

　　Cain walks to the store FREQUENTLY.

　　Preposition

　　Before verb

　　ON Mondays,Cain walks to the store.

　　After verb

　　Cain walks to the store ON Mondays.

　　Subordinator

　　Before verb

　　WHEN his car is broken. Cain walks to the store.

　　After verb

　　Cain walks to the store WHEN his car is broken.

　　主從連接詞包括：because, although, if, unless, while, so that, while, and soon。這些詞出現(xiàn)在從句句首，不作為句子單獨(dú)存在，而是主要依附于主句。

　　有些動(dòng)詞修飾語可能適用于動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞的發(fā)出者。在這種情況下，你必須確保動(dòng)作發(fā)出者與

　　

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　　修飾語放在一起時(shí)講得通。

　　Type / First Words Position Example

　　Present Participle Before verb WHISTLING” Man In The Mirror,” I lifted the weight.

　　with commas After verb l lifted the weight, WHISTLING " Man In The Mirror."

　　Preposition + Before verb BY CONCENTRATION, Cain lifted the weight,

　　Simple Gerund After verb Cain lifted the weight BY CONCENTRATING

　　Infinitive of Purpose Before verb TO FREE his leg, Cain lifted the weight.

　　After verb Cain lifted the weight TO FREE his leg.

　　在上面每一種情況下，主語 I 講得通：I was whistling " Man In The Mirror," I was concentrating,，Cain 想 free his leg。

　　確保這些修飾語有一個(gè)在句子中講得通的主語。

　　Wrong: The weight was lifted by concentrating.

　　Wrong: The weight was lifted to free his leg.

　　舉起東西的人作為主語一定要在句子中有體現(xiàn)即存在。

　　動(dòng)詞修飾語和名詞修飾語之間有一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別。比起名詞修飾語，通常必須挨著其修飾的名詞，動(dòng)詞修飾語則可 以更自由地放置。然而，你應(yīng)該在不制造混淆意思的基礎(chǔ)上始終讓動(dòng)詞的修飾語修飾正確的動(dòng)詞。

　　Wrong: The nameless symphony was at last performed, decades after it was composed, two days ago.

　　Right: The nameless symphony was at last performed two days ago, decades after it was composed.

　　在第一個(gè)例子中，副詞 two days ago 被放在了不合理的位置。協(xié)奏曲似乎已于昨天完成，與剩下的句子意義講不通。

　　在第二個(gè)例子中，昨天被放到了其應(yīng)該修改的動(dòng)詞 was performed 旁。相對(duì)于名詞修飾語，動(dòng)詞修飾語可以“遠(yuǎn)離”他們所修飾的詞

　　修飾八： Which vs. the Present Participle ?CIng Which 與現(xiàn)在分詞- ING

　　如下面的句子是口語中常見的話，但他們以書面形式卻是錯(cuò)誤的

　　Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in New York, WHICH has led to a rise in property values. 老頭所想說的是，在最近犯罪減少導(dǎo)致商業(yè)地產(chǎn)價(jià)值上升。但是，只要用 which，你必須是指一個(gè)在 which 前的名 詞。在這句里，New York,本身并沒有導(dǎo)致什么!WHICH 只能修飾它前面的名詞而言，而不是整個(gè)從句.

　　改正句子的方法之一是把它變成一個(gè)名詞短并且讓它作 WHICH 從句的動(dòng)詞的主語或動(dòng)作發(fā)出者,這樣它與 WHICH一起刪除：

　　Right: The recent decrease in crime in New York has led to a rise in property values.

　　改正句子的另一種方式是使用現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)詞的- ING 的動(dòng)詞形式：

　　Right: Crime has recently decreased in New York, leading to a rise in property values.

　　- ing 形式非常靈活。它可以直接修飾名詞(例如，變化的四季)。它可以修飾動(dòng)詞及其動(dòng)作

　　

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　　發(fā)出者(例如，l lifted the weight, whistling)。它甚至可以修飾整個(gè)從句，只要整個(gè)從句能夠轉(zhuǎn)換成為名詞短語且可以作為以動(dòng)詞 ING 形式的 動(dòng)作發(fā)出者。前兩個(gè)例子說明了這個(gè)過程。既然我們可以說，the recent decrease in crime ... has led to a rise，我們也 可以說 crime has recently decreased... leading to a rise.。 當(dāng)你想表達(dá)有主句引起的結(jié)果的時(shí)候,- ing 形式可以最好用 了。

　　同樣，在口語中，我們常常不遵守這些規(guī)則，我們不正確地使用 which 來指代之前的句子中所說的非名詞的東西。 事實(shí)上，GMAT 考試在第 12 版句子改錯(cuò)解釋題的時(shí)候，甚至在第 11 版閱讀理解犯過同樣的錯(cuò)誤!不要用你的耳朵 去聽。要始終確保 which 是指代其前面的名詞的。

　　注意 Which 在句子的結(jié)尾。確保其指代的只是它指前面的名詞，而不是整個(gè)從句。

　　3. 作業(yè)

　　練習(xí)要求: 每道題回答以下幾個(gè)問題:

　　<1>, 劃線的是什么類型的修飾詞?

　　<2>, 劃線的修飾成分哪些是對(duì)的，那些是錯(cuò)的，如何修改?

　　1.Upon setting foot in the Gothic cathedral, the spectacularly stained-glass windows amazed the camera-wielding tourists.

　　2.Although the ballerina seems healthily, she feels very unwell and is unlikely to dance well at tonight's performance.

　　3. A recent formed militia, consisting of lightly armed peasants and a few retired army officers, is fighting a bitterly civil war against government forces.

　　4. Angola, which was ravaged by civil war for many years after it, gained independence from Portugal. Which is now one of Africa's success stories, has an economy that grew by 21% last year, where parliamentary elections are to be held later this week.

　　5.Mary buys cookies made with SugarFree, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but where there are fewer calories than in an equivalent amount of corn syrup.

　　6.6 People that are well-informed know that Bordeaux is a French region whose most famous export is the wine which bears its name.

　　7.The acquaintances who we like most are those that flatter us best.

　　8.People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little respect for other passengers.

　　

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　　9.Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake, which destroyed Lisbon in 1755, is perhaps the most famous.

　　10. The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepal. and Tibet.

　　11. Based on the recent decline in enrollment, the admissions office decided to reevaluate its recruitment strategies.

　　12. Unaccustomed to the rigors of college life, James's grades dropped.

　　13. Regina returned the dress to the store, which was torn at one of the seams.

　　14. Last night our air conditioner broke, which caused great consternation.

　　15. The patient's rare disease was treated using novel techniques developed at the medical school.

　　答案解析：

　　1. Upon setting foot in the National cathedral, the spectacularly stained glass windows amazed the camera-wielding tourists.

　　Upon setting foot in the National cathedral： INCORRECT.

　　Upon 是介詞. 短語 upon setting foot in the National cathedral 包含動(dòng)名詞形式. Who or what set foot in the cathedral? 邏輯上來講，必須是 tourists, 而不是 windows. 然而名詞 windows 在句子中作主語, 因此 windows 是 setting 的主語。

　　Spectacularly: INCORRECT. 像 spectacularly 的 副 詞 可 以 修 飾 句 子 的 很 多 成 分 而 不 是 名 詞 . 短 語spectacularly stained-glass windows 看起來暗示 the windows 被 spectacularly 引人注目地 stained 染色的―也 就 是 說, spectacularly 看 起 來 是 修 飾 stained. 然 而 , stained-glass 顯 然 是 一 種 材 料. 老 頭 的 意 圖 是 說 要 么 the stained glass 本身 或者 the windows 是一人注目的. 副詞 spectacularly 應(yīng)該被替換為形容詞 spectacular.

　　camera-wielding: CORRECT. 該分詞修飾 tourists.

　　Correction: Upon entering the National cathedral, the camera-wielding tourists were amazed by the spectacular stained-glass windows.

　　2. Although the ballerina seems healthily, James feels very unwell and is unlikely to dance well at tonight's performance.

　　Healthily:INCORRECT. Healthily 應(yīng)該被替換為形容詞, 因?yàn)?seems 是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞(連系動(dòng)詞不表示動(dòng) 作，它只是一種狀態(tài)或存在) 。所以形容詞 healthy 應(yīng)該修飾名詞 ballerina.