職稱英語考試語法解讀：名詞
發布時間：2014-01-22 共1頁
Ⅰ.名詞在句子中所作的成分有：
1.主語 The boy is writing.
2.動詞賓語 They are writing letters.
3.表語 The letter is an invitation.
4.賓語補語 He made the letter an invitation.
5.間接賓語 Who sent Ms. Wang this letter?
6.同位語 The letter is for Ms. Wang, his colleague.
7.介詞賓語 The letter is for his colleague.
8.定語 He is a customs officer.
9.狀語 Wait a moment.
Ⅱ.名詞的種類可從兩個方面劃分：
根據詞匯意義，可分為普通名詞和專有名詞。從是否可以計數的角度來看，英語名詞又可分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。可數名詞有單、復數之分。單數名詞變為復數形式時，又有規則和不規則之分。本文|由職業培訓教育網獨家整理。
1、規則復數形式
規則復數形式有以下幾種情況：
(1)一般在詞尾加s：
flowers,sisters, machines,months
(2)以s, x, ch, sh結尾的詞加es
buses,boxes,watches,dishes;
(3)以“輔音+y”結尾的詞，變y為i，再加es
countries,factories,stories;
(4)以-f或-fe結尾的詞，通常變f為v，再加-(e)s
knives,shelves,lives;
(5)以輔音字母加o結尾的，加es。
tomatoes,potatoes,heroes。
2、不規則復數形式
凡不是以加-s、-es構成復數形式的名詞，稱不規則復數名詞。
常見的不規則復數名詞主要有：
man─men woman─women
child─children ox─oxen
foot─feet tooth─teeth
mouse─mice goose─geese
phenomenon─phenomena thesis─theses
analysis─analyses crisis─crises
basis─bases bacterium-bacteria
deer─deer means─means
aircraft─aircraft species─species
series─series sheep─sheep
3、常用復數形式的名詞
有些名詞經常以復數的形式出現，包括以下兩種情況：
a.由兩部分組成一個物體的名詞。如：
服裝：pants,pajamas,jeans,trousers;
器具：glasses,scales,pliers,tweezers。
b.其他名詞: goods,spirits,stairs,wages,greens,suburbs。
名詞的可數或不可數并不是一成不變的，在一定條件下可以相互轉化。
There are few lambs in the zoo. / Would you like some lamb or pork?
They grow their own carrots. / Good stew (燉菜) must contain carrot.
Beer is refreshing in summer. / They had two beers.
Rich men live in luxury. / A refrigerator is a luxury here.
不可數名詞的個體化
a piece of paper
a piece of news
two tons of steel
a flash of light
a drop of water
three cakes of soap
a tube of toothpaste
a spoonful of sugar
a pair of glasses
Ⅲ.英語名詞有兩種屬格：'s屬格和of-屬格。如：
1、's屬格的形式
(1)baby’s, horse’s;
(2)freshmen’s，firemen’s;
(3)teachers’，theSmiths’;
(4)Mr.Jones’。
2、-'s屬格的使用
(1)thehorse’smouth，themanager’soffice，women’sclothes
(2)theschool’senrollment,thegovernment’s property,Europe’sfuture
(3)thetrain’sheatingsystem,theship’sbell
(4)theearth’ssurface,aday’swork,two hours’drive,eightdollars’worth,apound’sweight
(5)thebarber’s,thetailor’s, St. Peter’s , the baker’s, the dentist’s, the Smith’s
3、of-屬格的使用
用于無生命的東西，表示所有關系，如：
the end of the road
the top of the shelf
the sale of the house
The city of New Castle lies at the mouth of the New Castle River.
Ⅳ.主謂一致
在句子中，謂語動詞必須在人稱和數的方面與主語保持一致。但有些情況特殊：
1、主語是復數形式，謂語卻用單數。
(1)意義上為單數者
The news is inspiring.
Physics is one of the most difficult subjects for me.
Measles is sometimes very serious.
(2)數詞+重量、里程、時間構成的復數名詞
Forty miles is quite a distance.
Twenty years has passed since we last met in Beijing.
2. 主語是單數，謂語用復數
(1)具有復數意義的名詞
The police are making inquiries about the murder.
The Chinese people are living better life.
(2)某些集體名詞做主語時，既可以當單數也可以當復數
The committee is made up of 15 members. / The committee were divided into 3 groups.
The family is going to move. /My family are all fond of
