職稱英語（綜合類）輔導講議－詞匯學習
發布時間：2011-09-29 共14頁
詞匯學習5：
1. A appalling表示條件之差使人感到吃驚。dreadful有類似的意義。如：My financial situation is dreadful.此句改用appalling也是可以的。Bad, unpleasant和poor都可以跟condition搭配。因此可以說：They have been living under bad conditions for two years. They have been living under unpleasant conditions for two years. They have been living under poor conditions for two years.注意：appalling conditions蘊涵bad（或unpleasant或poor）conditions.但反向的蘊涵是不成立的。用句通俗的話說，是appalling conditions必定是bad（或unpleasant或poor）conditions,但，是bad（或unpleasant或poor）conditions未必都是appalling conditions.也就是說，appalling跟bad, unpleasant和poor在意義上存在著明顯的差別。注意：如果用bad或poor替換appalling,生成的都是錯誤的句子。
2. B anyhow的一種意思是：不管其他句子所說的，本命題為真。可以看出，該詞用在該句中非常合適，因為I wasn't qualified for the job really是“不管其他句子所說的”，I got it這個命題是真的。又如：I am coming anyhow, no matter what others say.其中的no matter what others say是說：不管其他人怎么說。I am coming這個命題是真的。Anyway在絕多數情況中表達的意義跟anyhow都相同，因而二者常可替換。Anyhow有一種意思是后面所說的支持前面所說的，在這一種意思上，它等于anyhow可由besides替換。但練習題中的anyhow不是這個意思。anyhow也可用來結束會話，這也是well的一個功能。如：Anyhow, thanks a lot. Bye bye.但練習題中的anyhow不是用來結束會話的，因而不能由well替換。
3. C attain有通過努力取得了某種東西或達到某種狀態的意思。如：He attained the position of minister. They were unable to attain their objectives. achieve的意思是通過努力取得或達到某種目標，意思跟attain很接近，因而可由后者替換。reached也有“達到”的意思，但它本身并不含“需要通過努力”，因而它不可替代achieved.下面舉一個reach用法的例子：The process of political change in South Africa has reached the stage where it is irreversible. reap是“收獲，獲得”的意思。The painting depicted a group of peasants reaping a harvest of fruits and vegetables. You'll soon begin to reap the benefits of being fitter. take也有“獲得，取得”的意思，但它不能跟success搭配。
4. D capability:能力，力量。又如：Now we have the capability to defending our country, all thanks to our own efforts. The country has the capability to defeat any aggressor. ability:能力，本領。From each according to his abilities, to each according to his work. ability和capability在意義上有相同的一面，因而在一定語境中可以互換。可以看出，ability和capability在搭配上是有差別的，前者只可跟to搭配，但后者既可跟to又可跟of搭配。二者的形容詞分別是able和capable: I ought to be able to live on my salary. She was perfectly capable of taking care of herself.注意：capable只能跟of而不能跟to搭配。不難看出，詞的意義不決定句法結構。strength:力量；優點。Their military strength has gone down because their air force has proved to be an effective force.此句中的strength可由capacity替代而不改變句子的意義。possibility:可能性。
5. A in conjunction with:共同。together with具有相同的意思，用together代入后，所生成的也是一個在語法上正確的句子。in succession:接連發生，不跟with，如：He had missed five dinners in succession. in alliance with:結盟。They are now in a position to govern the state in alliance with either the Free Democrats or the Green Party. in connection with:在……一起；相關。13 men were questioned in connection with the murder.
6. B credible:可信的。convincing:可信的。That is the least convincing excuse that you could offer. convincing可替換credible而不改變句子的意義。workable:可行的，行得通的。Your plan is workable. practical:實際的，現實的。He is weak in practical matters. reliable:靠得住的。John is a reliable man.
7. C diligent:勤奮的，努力的。hardworking:勤奮的，努力的。Jack was hardworking and energetic. ambitious:雄心勃勃的；有野心的。Chris is so ambitious, so determined to do it all. lazy:懶惰的。I was too lazy to read music. clever:聰明的。She is beautiful and clever.
8. D diverse:多種多樣的；不同的。varied:多種多樣的；不同的。It is important that your diet is varied and balanced. colorful:多色的；絢麗的。People in this small town wear colorful clothes. attractive:迷人的；吸引人的。She is both attractive and intelligent. flexible:靈活的。My schedule is flexible.
9. A faulty:有錯誤的；模棱兩可的。wrong:有錯誤的；有毛病的。Cheating is always wrong. ambiguous:歧義的；模棱兩可的。This sentence is ambiguous. unclear:不清楚。His itinerary is still unclear. unbelievable:不可信的。I find it unbelievable that people can accept this sort of behavior.
10. B gorgeous:好極了；美麗的。lovely:可愛的；美麗的。The girl is lovely. ridiculous:可笑的。It was an absolutely ridiculous decision. magnificent:壯麗的；宏偉的。There is a magnificent country house near the river. peculiar:奇特的；奇怪的。This house is peculiar in lots of ways.這些詞都可替換，所生成的句子語法上都是正確的。相比之下，lovely最接近gorgeous.
11. C persist:堅持；持續。continue:持續。She continued the work day after day. insist:堅持；堅持主張。My family insisted that I should not give in, but stay and fight. persevere:堅持。Despite the failure of his early experiments, the scientist persevered in his research. resist:反抗；頂住。The nation was able to resist the invasion. Insist和persist在意義上并不完全相同。insist缺乏“持續”這個義項。persevere也缺少“持續”這個義項。因此，正確的選擇是continue.“堅持”與“持續”在意義上似乎很接近，但在語義上的判別是很明顯的。“堅持”至少要求有生命的東西作主語，但“持續”就沒有這個要求。
12. D regulate:調整；控制。control:控制。She also had a temper, but she controlled it. fight:搏斗；戰斗。More units to fight forest fires are planned. abolish:廢除。The whole system should be abolished. remove:除去；消除。Most of her fears have been removed.
13. A scatter:分散；散布；消散。separate:分散；分離。We didn't separate until nightfall. flee:逃走；消失。The robbers tried to flee, but they were caught. depart:離開；出發。We are ready to depart. spread:展開；散布。The rumour quickly spread through the village. spread與scatter有相同的義項－“散布”。但此處只能是“分散”的意思。
14. B standpoint:立場；觀點。point of view:觀點；看法。The novel is shown from the girl's point of view. position:位置；立場。The union may shift its position on the question. knowledge:知識。To my knowledge, he owns three houses, and he may own more. opinion:看法；意見。In my opinion, this book is the best book on the subject.雖然position也有“立場”的意思，但不能說from my position.同樣地我們也不能說from my opinion.
15. C touching:動人的；感人的。moving:動人的；感人的。The beggar told her such a moving story that she almost wept. inspiring:鼓舞人惦的。He made an inspiring speech. boring:令人厭煩的。Not only are mothers not paid but also most of their boring work is unnoticed. frightening:嚇人的。He gave us a frightening, but believable account of his childhood.
詞匯學習6：
1. B vanish與disappear意思相近：消失，失蹤。My glasses have disappeared.我的眼鏡不見了。develop:發展。We'll stay and see how things develop.我們要留下來，看事態如何發展。linger:徘徊。Winter lingered.冬天遲遲不去。renew:更新；復原。If you wish to renew the contract, you should speak to John.如果你想續簽合同，你應該找約翰談。
2. A phase（階段，狀態）與stage（階段，時期）是同義詞。The next major stage in computer technology is the so-called fifth generation computer.計算機技術的下一個主要階段是所謂的第五代計算機。notion:概念，想法。I have no notion of what he means.我不懂他是什么意思。pattern:式樣，模型。This is a strange sentence pattern.這是個奇怪的句型。alternative:兩者挑一，供選擇的方法。We have no alternative in the matter.在這件事上，我們沒有挑選的余地。
3. C deter:阻止；威懾。與inhibit（抑制；阻止）意思相近。The drug with which the animals are fed inhibits their development.給動物吃這種藥會抑制它們的生長。facilitate:使便利；促進。Tractors facilitate farming.拖拉機使耕作便利。overwhelm:使不知所措；壓倒。The girls are overwhelmed with the joy of seeing their team win.目睹她們的隊獲勝，姑娘們欣喜若狂。loosen:解開；放松。He took off his jacket and loosened his tie.他脫下夾克，松開領帶。
4. C procelain:瓷器。與china（瓷器）是同義詞。silverware:銀器。crystal:晶玻璃制品。linen:亞麻（制品）。
5. D prior to:在……之前，與before（在……之前）意思相同。Steam engine was invented before the Industrial Revolution.蒸汽機發明于工業革命之前。in:（表示時間）在……期間。He was born in 1972.他生于1972年。around:約。This island was discovered around 1830.這座島約發現于1830年。from:從……起。He was in the army from 1982 to 1993.從1982年到1993年他在當兵。
6. C last:最近的；過去的。與past（最近的；過去的）意思一致。Mr. Hammond said that the trade union movement had changed over the past two years.瑪門德先生說在過去的兩年里工會運動已發生了變化。close:近的。St. Louis is closer to Chicago than it is to Detroit.圣路易斯離芝加哥比離底特律近。near:接近的。She is near to tears.她快要哭了。final:最后的。Astronauts will make a final attempt today to rescue a communication satellite from its useless orbit.宇航員今天將做最后一次嘗試，以挽救一個在無用的軌道上運行的通訊衛星。
7. C lethal:致命的。與deadly（致命的）是同義詞。This is one of nature's deadliest poisons.這是自然中最致命的毒藥中的一種。toxic:有毒的。Excessive vitamin D can be toxic.過量的維生素D可使人中毒。harmful:有害的。The rays of the sun, in excess, can be very harmful.過量的陽光會非常有害。contagious:傳染的。Hepatitis A is a contagious disease.甲型肝炎是一種傳染病。
8. B conscientious:認真的；謹慎的。careful:細心的。You've got to be very careful about your tactics.你必須特別小心你的策略。worried:發愁的；焦慮的。She looks tired and worried.她看上去疲憊焦慮。anxious:焦慮的；渴望的。Her parents were anxious about her poor health.她的父母為她健康不佳而發愁。nervous:神經性的；緊張的。She is nervous about staying alone at night.她害怕夜晚獨自一人呆著。
9. A consolidate:合并；鞏固。strengthen:鞏固；加強。To strengthen his position in Parliament, he held talks with leaders of the Peasant Party.為了加強在國會中的地位，他跟農民黨領袖進行了會談。win:贏得。He won praises of his modesty.他的謙虛贏得了家的贊譽。harden:使堅硬；加強。Their action can only serve to harden the attitude of rebels.他們的行動指揮促使叛逆者采取更加強硬的態度。unite:聯合；合并。The two parties have been trying to unite.兩黨一直在試圖聯合起來。
10. B contaminate:污染，弄臟。pollute:污染。Garbage pollutes our rivers and streams.垃圾污染著河流和小溪。blacken:變黑。The smoke blackened the white walls of the kitchen.煙熏黑了廚房的白墻。darken:變暗；變黑。The sun has darkened our complexion.太陽曬黑了我們的皮膚。mix:混合。Oil doesn't mix with water.油和水不能混合。
11. C depict:描繪；描寫。describe:描繪；描寫。She described how she had narrowly escaped death.她描述了她是如何死里逃生的。write:寫。Finding someone to write a computer program isn't a problem.找個人來編計算機程序是不成問題的。sketch:素描；簡述。He sketched the look of the man in a few sentences.他用幾句話描繪出了那個人的模樣。indicate:指出；表明。The President's attitude toward the proposals had been indicated in his New Year's address.總統對那些建議有態度已在他的新獻詞中表明。
12. D distress:危難；海難。danger:危險。The two countries are trying to reduce the danger of a military confrontation.兩國正設法減少軍事對抗的危險。despair:絕望。Alone in London, without friends, work or money, Shelley fell into despair.獨自一人在倫敦，沒有朋友和工作，也沒有錢，雪萊陷入了絕望。difficulty:困難。She is always in difficulties.她經常處境困難。need:需要。We should always help those in need.我們應當經常幫助那些需要幫助的人。
13. A endeavour:設法；努力。try:設法。I'll try very hard to improve my English.我將設法努力提高自己的英語水平。do:做，干。Do the best you can.盡力而為。make:做。I'll make every effort to help you .我將盡全力幫助你。
14. B eternal:永恒的。everlasting:永遠的；永恒的。I'm tired of your everlasting quarrels.我聽夠了你們沒完沒了的爭吵。unchangeable:不變的。I found the book rather boring.我發現這本書相當乏味。monotonous:單調的。Some of the tasks are desperately monotonous.一些工作極度單調乏味。
15. D exhibit:表現，顯出。show:顯示；表現。Show me what you have in your bag.讓我看看你的包里有什么。demonstrate:證明；顯示。Women are demonstrating for equal rights.婦女在示威游行，要求平等權利。uncover:揭開；暴露。Auditors said that they had uncovered evidence of fraud.審計員說他們發現了欺騙的證據。spread:攤開；伸開。The officer spread a map on the table.那位軍官在桌子上鋪開了地圖。
